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Unit 8: Urbanization and Change
Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
Demography: The Study of Population
demography- a subfield of sociology that examines size, composition, and distribution
Fertility
fertility- the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population
fecundity- the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity
crude birth rate- the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Mortality
mortality- the incidence of death in a population
crude death rate- the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population
Migration
migration- the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency
distribution- refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area
density- the number of people living in a specific geographic area
immigration- the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency
emigration- the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere
pull- factors at international level, such as a democratic government, religious freedom, employment voluntary immigrants into a nation
push- factors a the international level, such as political unrest, violence, war, famine, plagues, and natural disasters, may encourage people to leave one area and relocate elsewhere
Population Composition
population composition- the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household
sex ratio- the number of males for every hundred females in a given population
population pyramid- a graphic representation of the distribution of population by sex and age
Population Growth in Global Context
the debate is not a new one; for several centuries, strong opinions have been voiced about the effects of population growth on human welfare
The Malthusian Perspective
double effect: two parents can have four children, sixteen grandchildren and so on, byt food production increases by only one acre at a time
positive checks- mortality risks such as famine, disease, and war
preventive checks- limits to fertility
moral restraint- people should practice sexual abstinece before marriage and postpone marriage as long as possible in order to have only a few children
The Marxist Perspective
The Neo- Malthusian Perspective
neo-malthusians: have reemphasized the dangers of overpopulation
zero population growth- the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year
Demographic Transition Theory
demographic transition- the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological developement
Demographic transition is linked to four stages of economic developent
Stage 1: preindustrial societies (little population growth occurs due to high birth rates are offset by high death rates. Food shortages, poor sanitation, and lack of adequate medical care contribute to high rates of infant and child mortality.)
Stage 2: Early industrialization (significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high weras death rates decline. Improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates. Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.)
Stage 3: Adcvanced industrialization and urbanization ( Very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rate sare low. The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use. Children are not viewed as an economic assert; they consume income rather tahn produce it. Societies in this stage attain zero popualation growth, by the actual number of births per year may still rise due to an increased number of women of childbearing age)
Stage 4: Postindustrialization ( Birth rates contine to decline as more women gain full-time employment and cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.)
Other Perspectives on Population Change
secularization- the decline in the significance of the sacred in daily life
rational choice theory- based on the assumption that people make decisions based on a calculated cost-benifit analysis( what do I gain and lose from a specific action)
A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories
neo-classical economic approach- assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply of and demand for labor
households economics of migration approach- emphasizes that part that entire families or households play in the migration process
network theory- suggests that once migration has commenced, it takes on a life of its own and that the migration pattern which ensues may be different from the original push or pull factors that produced the earlier migration
institutional theor- suggests that migration may be fostered by groups- such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally- and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case
Urbanization in Global Perspective
Urban Sociology- a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city
Emergence and Evolution of the City
Gideon Sjobeg - three preconditions must be present in order for a city to develop
favorable physical environment
advanced technology
well-developed social
Preindustrial Cities
community- a set of social relationships operation within given spartial boundaries or locations that provides or locations that provides people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging
gemeinschaft- a society in which social relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
gesellschaft- societies exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships, with little longterm commitment to the group or consensus on values
Industrial Cities
metropolis- one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region
Postindustrial cities
Chapter 16:
Demography: The Study of Population
demography- a subfield of sociology that examines size, composition, and distribution
Fertility
fertility- the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population
fecundity- the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity
crude birth rate- the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year
Mortality
mortality- the incidence of death in a population
crude death rate- the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population
Migration
migration- the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency
distribution- refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area
density- the number of people living in a specific geographic area
immigration- the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency
emigration- the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere
pull- factors at international level, such as a democratic government, religious freedom, employment voluntary immigrants into a nation
push- factors a the international level, such as political unrest, violence, war, famine, plagues, and natural disasters, may encourage people to leave one area and relocate elsewhere
Population Composition
population composition- the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household
sex ratio- the number of males for every hundred females in a given population
population pyramid- a graphic representation of the distribution of population by sex and age
Population Growth in Global Context
the debate is not a new one; for several centuries, strong opinions have been voiced about the effects of population growth on human welfare
The Malthusian Perspective
double effect: two parents can have four children, sixteen grandchildren and so on, byt food production increases by only one acre at a time
positive checks- mortality risks such as famine, disease, and war
preventive checks- limits to fertility
moral restraint- people should practice sexual abstinece before marriage and postpone marriage as long as possible in order to have only a few children
The Marxist Perspective
The Neo- Malthusian Perspective
neo-malthusians: have reemphasized the dangers of overpopulation
zero population growth- the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year
Demographic Transition Theory
demographic transition- the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological developement
Demographic transition is linked to four stages of economic developent
Stage 1: preindustrial societies (little population growth occurs due to high birth rates are offset by high death rates. Food shortages, poor sanitation, and lack of adequate medical care contribute to high rates of infant and child mortality.)
Stage 2: Early industrialization (significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high weras death rates decline. Improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition produce a substantial decline in infant mortality rates. Overpopulation is likely to occur because more people are alive than the society has the ability to support.)
Stage 3: Adcvanced industrialization and urbanization ( Very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rate sare low. The birth rate declines as couples control their fertility through contraceptives and become less likely to adhere to religious directives against their use. Children are not viewed as an economic assert; they consume income rather tahn produce it. Societies in this stage attain zero popualation growth, by the actual number of births per year may still rise due to an increased number of women of childbearing age)
Stage 4: Postindustrialization ( Birth rates contine to decline as more women gain full-time employment and cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.)
Other Perspectives on Population Change
secularization- the decline in the significance of the sacred in daily life
rational choice theory- based on the assumption that people make decisions based on a calculated cost-benifit analysis( what do I gain and lose from a specific action)
A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories
neo-classical economic approach- assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply of and demand for labor
households economics of migration approach- emphasizes that part that entire families or households play in the migration process
network theory- suggests that once migration has commenced, it takes on a life of its own and that the migration pattern which ensues may be different from the original push or pull factors that produced the earlier migration
institutional theor- suggests that migration may be fostered by groups- such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally- and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case
Urbanization in Global Perspective
Urban Sociology- a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city
Emergence and Evolution of the City
Gideon Sjobeg - three preconditions must be present in order for a city to develop
favorable physical environment
advanced technology
well-developed social
Preindustrial Cities
community- a set of social relationships operation within given spartial boundaries or locations that provides or locations that provides people with a sense of identity and a feeling of belonging
gemeinschaft- a society in which social relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
gesellschaft- societies exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships, with little longterm commitment to the group or consensus on values
Industrial Cities
metropolis- one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region
Postindustrial cities
Chapter 16:
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